Electri City and From Telegraph to Internet Essay

Electri City and From Telegraph to Internet - Essay Example The French engineer Nicholas Cugnot (1769) invented the first self-propelled transport - a three-wheeled tractor. It was used by military to haul artillery and reached speeds of 21/2 mph. Cugnot recorded the first accident in a mechanized vehicle which landed him in financial problems when his financiers pulled the plug on him. Several improvements were done of this 'car' each model becoming faster than previous generation culminating in shift from mechanical to modern electrical cars. The steam engines introduced a revolution in transportation. Samuel Homfray funded adoption of steam power in 1803 and Richard Trevitheck (1771-1833) managed to build the first steam propelled tramway locomotive. It carried a load of more than 10 tons over a distance of 9 miles at an average speed of 41/2 miles. Man's desire for speed is illustrated by the story of Baron von Drais who invented the bicycle in 1817. This instrument which was initially made of wood enabled Drais "to navigate the royal gardens faster". The machine was initially powered by pushing using feet enabling the rider to glide along. Several modifications led to the bicycle as we know it today. All the transport inventions were driven by man's need for speed. ... All this was achieved by man's craving for greater speed. Space tourism beckons with the first space tourist having been recorded in 2004. Many more will follow as man's journey leads to other planets and beyond. The black spot of all this is that the earth's environment has been affected by the road and rail network that crisscrossing the earth bringing pollution and upsetting ecosystems and scenery. Telegraph to internet The invention of telegraph by Joseph Henry in 1831 speeded up long-distance communication by decoupling communication from human travel. Alexander Bell's telephone invention that followed later has evolved into the ubiquitous mobile cell phone network of today. The internet has taken mankind on another giant leap forward. From dawn of time man used signs and sounds to communicate with each other. The earliest appearance of printed messages is traced to the Chinese in 3500 B.C. They used paper-like material to pass messages in their primitive postal network around 900 B.C. Bound books started appearing around 100 A.D. and then newspapers and magazines followed around 1450. The typewriter only appeared as late as 1714 A.D. Henry's telegraph sent messages as a sound on metal wires. Bell reasoned that it should be possible to send complete human speech over wires. By 1876 he had perfected his telephone and by 1914 the first transcontinental call could be made. Around 1896 Guglielmo Marconi had shown that you could dispense with connecting wires and use radio waves to carry both telegraph and voice. For a time things remained pretty much the same on the communications front for a while as inventors as inventors explored the possibilities of other communications such as radio,

Recovery From Acute Stroke

Recovery From Acute Stroke This assignment will concentrate on how team of different health professionals will help Alfred (from the case study) on his journey of recovery from acute stroke. The following health professionals may be required to team up in order to help Alfred on his journey to recover: Physiotherapist( help tackle weakness or paralysis), Orthotist (help with muscle function by supporting limbs with braces), Occupation Therapist (help on day-to-day activities), Speech and language therapist (tackles the damage done to communication skills), Dietician (provide advice on eating a healthy diet), psychiatrist (help with emotional difficulties), optician (can recommend aids such eye patch), Social worker (to deal with his welfare and that of his mother), Radiographer (to deal with scans) and Doctor (refers Alfred to all other professionals and prescribe treatment) (Stroke Association, 2010). The team will try to lower and stabilise the condition, prevent from reoccurring and support Alfred to do things which he cannot do by himself. First, will highlights different s key skills needed by interprofessional, then will identify and talk about different factors that may influence care plan received by Alfred. Furthermore different organisational structures which will affect the care plan received by Alfred will be discussed. Also elaboration of different codes of conducts and how will help different professions to do their job effectively. Never the less there will be highlights of different legislations and will show how they deliver care plan for the service user. An interprofessional team is a type of multicultural environment, in which the unique cultures of professions, departments, agencies and disciplines come together for common purpose (Martin Rogers 2004). According to Wade et al., (1985), the health professional team is to help the patient to return to normal physical, social and emotional state whenever possible. Highlight key skills that you think your profession and other professions possess that positively assists Alfred on his journey towards recovery? Professional need to have shared skills based on common overview and clearer knowledge of different perspectives of patient and other professionals (Keene, 2001). There are many share skills in multidisciplinary team but today only few will explained. The team will need good communication to help Alfred to know his future health rehabilitation and personal centred care which will enable to empower and offer him a degree of his control regarding the care he receives from all professionals. It is also important for disciplinary groups to communicate within each other to ensure continuity of care and monitor Alfreds progress in all aspect of his life. In relation to communication, it is important that Alfred is regularly assessed to ensure that effective care plan is put in place. Along with care plan goals and measures are incorporated this is to offer motivation to Alfred and highlights any area of extra support which will be required. During the assessment progress problems will also be highlighted e.g. what type of Occupation Therapy equipment will be needed, checking if his medication working effectively, if he receives enough required support such as day centre access, benefits and diet requirements. Identify and discuss a number of different factors that may influence/impinge upon the care package received by Alfred, e.g. values, altitudes, beliefs and issues of equality and how these may affect your decision making. Concerns regarding Alfreds life style in terms of value, believes and altitude has to be considered within his care package due to the effects it has on his health. Patient must be treated with respect and should not be discriminated in anyway. Issues like smoking will be attempted to be addressed as advised will be offered along with counselling, to help Alfred reduce his smoking. Professions should help Alfred without influencing or discriminating against his smoking habit. Alfred care plan can also be affected due to stress regarding his mother hill health, therefore it will be considered to provide care to his mother. Alfred will also be encouraged to socialise with his old friend and restart activities such as dart as part of his rehabilitation. This will be decided due to his passion for dart and provide an incentive to stop smoking. Alfred care plan will also contain a strong routine; this decision was influenced with the fact that, Alfred lived a sedentary life style before his stroke. Identify and discuss how the different structures within organisations can affect the care received by Alfred? In order for Alfred to receive a positive experience of his care it is important that the care groups are governed by different structures. These structures can be more formal and legal by structure to that of informal and less professional approach of volunteers (Wade et al., 1985). E.g. volunteer groups are general selected on their basis of liability and interest, while groups like National Health Services (NHS) employ people based on qualification, knowledge and ability. Those who work in volunteered centre are usually provided with very basic training, whilst professional worker by law and regulations have to be training more intensively and adequately to provide service. Volunteer groups are very valuable to Alfred care as they can offer a more personal approach and helping to build a more friendly relationship which will help release stress and concerns to Alfred. Professional buddies are less likely to achieve due to restrictions with time and resources. Together all these organisations will help to provide Alfred with a more complete care package. Things that will affect Alfred recovery will be, not been able to communicate affectively, time management and poor attendance within organisation. How do the different codes of conduct support you and the wider team to deliver care and treatment to Alfred? Codes of conducts are very important principle of health care which provides good structure to all persons and organisations. They provide a core element on what should be covered and achieved when providing support. According to HPC (2008), all health professionals are under duty to put the patients first, this must be demonstrated by all team members when they work to fulfil the common goal which is to help Alfred on his journey to recover. Confidentiality should be maintained by keeping all Alfreds health-related records private and keep them in safe locked cupboard all the time. Alfred has the right to know his financial and medical information will be looked after and he will be informed if that privacy is breached. Multidisciplinary team members must respect Alfreds rights to refuse treatment or a treatment option, if he may wish to do so. E.g. Alfred may refuse the exercise routine which has been prescribed by his physician, if he thinks the routine is too much for him. Alfred must be treated with courtesy and respect regardless his belief, values and diversity. What examples of different legislation might you have to pay due regard to in the delivery of care of Alfred? The followings are few of legislations that will apply in Alfreds case; Health and Safety Act 1974, Equality Act 2010 and Data Protection Act 1998. For the team to perform Health and Safety Professionals must make sure that Alfreds is in safe environment all time by carrying out risk assessments, due to these assessments the team will identify what might cause harm to Alfred and all the key people around him. There must be a first Aid kit available in the premises, all professionals must put on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) whenever needed and report all incidents might occur. All professionals and other people who look after him must be trained to use particular equipments when performing a particular task (Health and Safety Act 1974). According to Equality Act 2010, all profession will need to treat Alfred without any judgement or any discrimination against any belief that he has. Team need to maintain democracy and peoples right in order to provide equal rights to Alfreds. Alfreds self esteem and confidence must be kept to the level and try not to make him feel isolated or psychological stressed. According to Data Protection Act, 1998, people must protect against misuse of information about them. Alfreds data should be kept safe and prevented from unauthorised access and against loss accident damage or total destruction. The Professional team must provide and maintain confidentiality in Alfreds data records all the time. Conclusion The multidisciplinary team collaborated effectively because they were all client orientated and passionate with what they were doing. They all cared about Alfreds needs. All multidisciplinary team members had different perspective and different opinions individually but they all had one aim, to help Alfred through his journey of recovering. They all had say and fair participation in Alfreds care, although all professionals came from different departments of health organisation, all of them had sharing skills which helped them to understand each other and focus on Alfreds needs. The multidisciplinary team provided quality care by followed all codes of conducts and put all required legislations in place for caring of Alfred. All multidisciplinary team members got strength and weakness in some area however they all looked after each other, from Consultants, Nurses, Occupation Therapies, Radiographers, Social workers and Health social cares. All managed to keep on focussing on helping Al fred, by preventing his condition to worsening, concentrated on caring for Alfreds health and social needs, stabilised and supported him to do things which he couldnt manage to do them by himself in the feature and finally to complete his journey for recovery.

The Partys Denial Of A Persons Natural Rights :: essays research papers

The novel 1984 touches on many disturbing aspects about the denial of a person's natural rights. In today's society people are granted certain rights which the government or anyone else can not take away. These rights are the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In the novel 1984 the government which the people of Oceania live under has taken away all of the rights of people, including natural rights. The right to life has been taken away in the sense that a persons life is the party. A person is born for the party, works for the party, and dies for the party. Liberty is taken away by not allowing the privacy of thought or action. To coin the phrase "Big Brother is watching you". The right of a person pursuing happiness is unquestionably taken away because all forms of pleasure (games, sex, laughter) are illegal. The government promotes hate and unhappiness. The life of a person living in Oceania is strictly controlled. A person does not choose what they do for a living, or who they associate with. The party is the center of everybody's life. The only reason anyone marries or has children is so that the children can live for the party. The children grow up learning how to defy and betray everyone for the party. Children will tell on anybody, even their parents if they see them acting in a unorthodox or peculiar way. When Winston was in the Ministry of Love he discovers that a co-worker of his, a man by the name of Parsons, who had been turned in for thoughtcrime by his own daughter. This is a quite disturbing incident because Parsons was proud of his child and happy that he had been sent to the Ministry of love before he had committed any other thoughtcrime. He is a prime example of a person whose entire life was for the party and for Big Brother. Even though Winston and Julia were enemies of the party their lives were still spent doing work for the party. They would still participate in the two minute hates and would still do their jobs, which both helped the party brainwash more and more people. No one ever outwardly betrayed the party. Liberty can be defined as exemption from control of another, freedom from external restraint, and the power of choice. All of these definitions defy the very basis of the party.

History to Hrm

Evolution of HRM †¢ History – MANAGEMENT – MAN MANAGEMENT †¢ Approaches †¢ Difference in Personnel Management and HR †¢ EXAMPLES OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TROUGHTOUT HISTORY †¢ Ancient †¢ Medieval †¢ Modern History Of HRM †¢ Industrial Revolution – Advantages and Disadvantages †¢ Trade Union Era – World War and Post World War †¢ Social Responsibility – Paternalistic Approach †¢ Scientific Management – F. W Taylor – Henry Fayol History Of HRM †¢ Industrial Psychology – Human Factor – Human Relations, Hawthorne Experiments †¢ Behavioral Sciences – Motivation – Satisfaction Modern Management – Management By Objectives – Organization Development It all began with, role of personnel manager being: †¢ Clerk – Managing Dues †¢ Record Keeper – Managing Time Keeping †¢ Channel of Communication between Employees + Management, Recruitment & Selection †¢ Industrial Relations – Union †¢ Labour Laws– Eg. Min. Wages, PF, ESIC Laws– †¢ Welfare Officer – Recreation †¢ Training & Development Phases of Human Resource Management AND TODAY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Organization Development Strategic Partner Human Capital ManagementIt is a Profession Rising Prominence of the Human Resource Management: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Emphasis on quality Impact of technology Liberalization of Indian economy Privatization of Indian economy Globalization Rising Prominence of the Human Resource Management: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Changes in political philosophy Trade unionism Cutthroat competition International problems – Diversified workforce – Knowledge workers – Information Technology Approaches towards Human Beings: †¢ Mechanical approach – commodity approach or factor of production concept – up to 1920. Paternalistic Approach – from 1920 till great depressions – died during the Great Depressions of 1930s. Approaches towards Human Beings: †¢ Social System or Humanistic Approach: 1930-40 Psychologists – Mayo, Mc 40 Gregor etc. Sociologists – Blake etc. †¢ Human Resource Approach – 1940 onwards – (distinct needs, aspirations and personality) – MBO, two way communication, leadership, quality circles etc. Evolution of HRM in India 1920s – 30s Pragmatism of capitalists 1940s – 50s Technical, legalistic 1970s – 80s Professional, legalistic, impersonal 1990s PhilosophicalDIFFERENCE BETWEEN HRM/ HRD/ PRESONNEL †¢ LETS DISCUSS †¢ HRM AND PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ARE THE SAME †¢ Some experts assert that there is no difference between human resources and personnel management They state that management. the two terms can be used interchangeably, with no difference in meaning. In fact, the terms a re often used interchangeably in help-wanted ads and job descriptions descriptions. †¢ When looking for a job in personnel management or human resources, it is important to realize that many companies use the terms interchangeably If you are offered interchangeably. job as a personnel manager, you may be required to perform the same duties as a human resource manager, and vice versa. In some companies, a distinction is made, but the difference is very subtle. Personnel vs. Human Resource Management †¢ Human †¢ Personnel Resource Management Management †¢ Personnel means †¢ persons employed. PM is the management of people employed. HRM is the management of employees’ skills, knowledge, abilities, talents, aptitudes, creative abilities etc. Employee is treated not †¢ Employee is treated as only as economic man an economic man as his but also as social and services are exchanged psychological man. Thus for wage/salary the complete man is viewed. â₠¬ ¢ Employees are used †¢ Employees are used for the multiple mutual mostly for organizational benefit of the benefits. organization, employees and their family members. †¢ Personnel function is †¢ HRM is a strategic treated as only an management function. auxiliary. †¢ Employee is viewed as a †¢ Employee is treated as commodity or tool or a resource. quipment, which can be purchased or used. †¢ Employees are treated †¢ Employees are treated as a profit centre and as cost centre and therefore, invests capital therefore management for human resource controls the cost of development and future labour. utility. †¢ Employees are used †¢ Employees are used for mostly for organizational the multiple mutual benefits. benefit of the organization, employees and their family members. †¢ Personnel Management is more of administrative functions. †¢ Personnel function are said to be reactive †¢ Personnel function is treated as only an a uxiliary. HR, is responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organization. †¢ HRM is a proactive function. †¢ HRM is a strategic management function. Relationship Between HRM and HRD †¢ Human resource management (HRM) encompasses many functions †¢ Human resource development (HRD) is one of the functions within HRM †¢ Personnel management Precedes the history Talent Management †¢ A dynamic, ongoing process of systematically †¢ identifying, assessing, and developing talent for †¢ future critical roles to ensure continuity and †¢ effective organizational performance. Note that some people distinguish a difference between between HRM (a major management activity)and HRD(Human Resource Development). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, e. g. , career development, training, organization development, etc. ? There is a long-standing argument about where HR standing HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, eg, â€Å"should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around? ? The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large 30 organizations looked to the â€Å"Personnel Department,† mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the â€Å"HR Department† as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner. Jobs & Careers in HRM †¢ HR Specialist †¢ HR Manager †¢ HR Executive

Local and National Provision Research Essay

Research and write about the local and national provision for your preferred sport. The aim of this assignment is to research the local and national provision for tennis. The main governing body for tennis is the Lawn Tennis Association. I will research how the LTA provides funding and helps players from a beginner level to and elite level. There are many ways in which a performer can improve and compete, I will research how these are done and what help is given. Often there isn’t sports provision for those with disabilities, i will investigate what is available in tennis. I will also research what is available in our area. Tennis venues in Suffolk include ? Park courts ? Clubs and village courts ? School and education facilities Tennis courts in parks are generally maintained and run by local authorities for example in Bury St Edmunds there are courts in the Abbey Gardens. Courts are expensive to hire at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 per hour. There are several clubs in West Suffolk for example The Risbygate Club in Bury St Edmunds. There is a joining fee for the club, which is quite expensive particularly for young people however, the subsequent cost of hiring the court is cheaper than / A number of villages in the West Suffolk area have their own communal courts which you can access providing you are a resident in the village, for example Bardwell has 2 courts. There are no indoor courts in West Suffolk therefore tennis is mostly played through spring and summer. Tennis lessons for children are available throughout the year in venues such as local leisure centres and schools where mini courts and practise sessions can be set up. For those who wish to compete there is the Glasswells tournament in the summer,in Bury St Edmunds, all other competitions take place further a field which require transport to get there. The LTA is the main tennis governing body. It makes these opening statements on its website â€Å"OUR VISION, To make Britain a great tennis nation. OUR MISSION, More players, Better players.† (www.LTA.org.uk) The LTA aims to develop tennis from the grass roots of tennis to international success. They have clear priorities, juniors, clubs and performance. They believe in order to succeed, tennis needs to be played from a young age, money is invested in encouraging very young children to the game and helping them develop their skills to become talented players who will represent their country. The British Tennis Foundation is the official tennis charity. It works alongside the LTA, to provide opportunity for young people and those with disabilities. It helps organise come and try sessions, national training programmes and international tournaments. The Central Council of Physical Recreation CCPR is responsible for distributing lottery money to national governing bodies, some of this money is given to the LTA to invest in the development of tennis. The National Coaching Federation NCF aims to improve the standard of coaching in the UK. It runs courses to ensure coaches are fully qualified and are able to coach participants to the very highest standards. This enables players to be coached my the very best and produce a very competitive edge. Many talented performers begin playing tennis at a very young age, they gradually move up through club age groups. When a youngster with talent is spotted their coaching becomes more intense and their level of competition increases. The LTA has a system of tennis coaching which begins young and carries on to senior tennis.   4-8years, mini tennis, this is fun and ensures tennis is enjoyable and played regularly 8-10years, club futures, clubs and coaches provide opportunities for juniors with talent to compete and be involved in club performance programmes 11-13years, county futures, talented players are spotted from club futures to be part of a nationwide programme at county level 11-14years, national futures, young competitors who have the right athletic ability, competitive attitude, mental balance and behaviour are chosen and are provided with the technique to succeed on the international stage   14-22years, academies and intermediate, preparing players to make the step from junior to senior game by providing competitions and physical conditioning 22+, senior players, intensive coaching and training. If a talented player wishes to pursue a career in tennis but also study for a degree at university, special scholarships are available to ensure top coaching is still available but alongside studies. Wheelchair tennis can be played against others in wheelchairs or able bodies players. The International Tennis Foundation regulates the wheelchair game. The ITF ensures wheelchair competitors can compete in the worlds most prestigious events. Wheelchair tennis can be played on regular tennis courts, so some facilities are available. Many wheelchair players are discriminated against and there are no wheelchair teams locally. This is because nationally wheelchair isn’t as widely played as able bodied tennis. Tennis provision is minimum at the moment, but it is higher than it has been. The LTA is committed to developing the game and with encouragement from those already participating I believe in the future tennis will have the best facilities and provision, regardless of their age, gender, or ability. www.wtatour.com www.itfwheelchairtennis.com www.itfjuniors.com www.minitennis.com www.btf.com www.lta.org.uk